As of February 2015, these basins remain dry. They learned lessons from that to fix the tunnels and help build better overflow tunnels all over the world. Updated: Thursday, December 17, 2020 - 8:22am. The water level at Lake Mead varies based on the season. Access from the northwest from Interstate 15 is through the Valley of Fire State Park and the Moapa River Indian Reservation to the Overton Arm of the lake. Lake Mead’s water level has reached one of its historic lows in recent months. Bacterial levels in water at Lake Mead, Lake Mohave beaches unsafe for humans Cody Miller 8/1/2020. The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) reports a high water line of 1,229.0 feet but defines an elevation of 1,221.4 (the elevation of the top of the spillway crest at Hoover Dam) as maximum lake storage capacity and 1,219.6 feet elevation as “operationally full.” Given end-of-year projections for Lake Mead’s water level at (just) below 1090 feet above sea level, USBR will declare a Tier Zero shortage for 2020. Water levels in Lake Mead rose steadily to record levels between 1965 and 1983, and remained above average through 2002, even as temperatures were rising. Lake Mead's water elevation increased from 1,095.5 to 1,134.52 feet after a heavy snowmelt in the Rocky Mountains in 2011.They were worried it might increase higher so they opened the overflow tunnels. The large body closest to the Hoover Dam is Boulder Basin. In reality, Lake Mead is the largest man-made lake and reservoir in the U.S.A. 3. The water at Lake Mead is projected to be at its highest level in years, but the drought is still not over, according to the Bureau of Reclamation. The forecast found Lake Mead water levels will end this month at 1,079 feet – a mere four feet away from the 1,075-feet threshold that would trigger a federal shortage declaration and mandatory cuts. It was first flooded by the dam in 1935, and remained a full reservoir for several decades. Ongoing Programs & Activities. Published: Wednesday, December 16, 2020 - 6:33pm. The Virgin River and Muddy River empty into the Overton Arm, which is connected to the northern part of the Virgin Basin. The next basin to the east is Temple Basin, and following that is Gregg Basin, which is connected to the Temple Basin by the Virgin Canyon. Lloyd Joseph Hudlow, an engineer with the Bureau of Reclamation, came to Boulder City in March 1933 to assist in the survey, and ended up as the Project manager. The area also has many coves with rocky cliffs and sandy beaches. [37][30] The Bureau of Reclamation expects that the continued Colorado River basin drought will yield a Lake Mead level of 1,084.39 feet by 2022. Feet MSL. They learned lessons from that to fix the tunnels and help build better overflow tunnels all over the world. Lake Mead on the Arizona-Nevada border. Lake Mead provides many types of recreation to locals and visitors. [25] On June 23, 2015, Lake Mead reached another new record low when it briefly fell below 1,075.0 feet (327.7 m), the first official "drought trigger" elevation, for the first time since the lake was filled. After 37 years of abundance, some decline was bound to eventually occur. NWS5982.mp3; Download mp3 (840.52 KB) National Park Service . The Southwest has remained in the grips of an everlasting drought for the past 14 years, forcing waters down more than 130 feet since a high-water mark was last reached in 2000. GRACE’s Water Footprint Calculator is an easy and fun way for anyone in the US to learn about his or her water use. It is so overused that the river no longer reaches its delta in the Gulf of Mexico. The entire Colorado River Basin has been in a drought for 15 years, causing water levels in the reservoir to plummet. On the west are three roads from the Las Vegas metropolitan area. NASA Earth Observatory images by Joshua Stevens, using … This allowed Lake Mead to maintain a high water level despite releasing significantly more water than it is contracted for. From 1953 to 1956, the water level fell from 1,200 to 1,085 feet (366 to 331 m). To ensure sufficient future access to water from the lake, the city is nearing completion of a new tunnel that will draw water from an elevation level of 875 feet, giving the city access to cooler water from a deeper part of the lake (cooler, deeper water generally has a higher quality). Two mountain ranges are within view of the Boulder Basin, the River Mountains, oriented northwest to southeast and the Muddy Mountains, oriented west to northeast. [49], CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (. The dam holds the Colorado River to form the lake, the largest reservoir in the US. Lake Mead Cruises, the Desert Princess is a three-level paddle wheeler certified by the U.S. Coast Guard for 275 passengers. Drought Keeps Lake Mead Levels Low, But There Is Plenty Of Winter Left. At full volume, Lake Mead and Lake Powell had 50 million acres feet of water in storage at a height … Saturday, December 26, 2020 7:00:00 AM Level is 145.56 feet below full pool of 1,229.00. [43] In order to ensure that the city of Las Vegas will continue to be able to draw its drinking water from Lake Mead, nearly $1.5 billion was spent on building a new water intake tunnel in the middle of the lake at the elevation of 860 feet (260 m). The highest level was in 1983 … Nine main access points to the lake are available. Published: Wednesday, December 16, 2020 - 6:33pm. BOULDER CITY (FOX5) -- A gigantic water tank arrived at Lake Mead Thursday as part of the Southern Nevada Water Authority's Low Lake Level Pumping Station. Despite the improved short-term outlook, the water level in Lake Mead remains just 10 feet above the trigger point for a first federal shortage declaration on the Colorado River. In these decades prior to 2000, Glen Canyon Dam frequently released more than the required 8.23 million acre feet (10,150,000 ML) to Lake Mead each year. Last week’s storm did little to ease the drought in Arizona’s reservoirs. Chart shows daily levels for 2017 (red), 2018 (green) and so far this year (blue). Lake Mead’s elevation is around 1,092 feet, which is the highest it has been since May 2014, but it is still only 42% full, said Patti Aaron, public affairs officer for the bureau’s Lower Colorado Basin Region. Lake Mead’s Wandering Water Level. Last July, Lake Mead reached its lowest water level since the lake was first filled after the construction of the Hoover Dam in the 1930s, according to the Bureau of Reclamation. [47], At the bottom of the lake is a Boeing B-29 Superfortress that crashed in 1948 while testing a prototype missile guidance system known as "suntracker". The bureau’s study projects Lake Mead will be at 1,089 feet by Jan. 1, 2020. Tweet. Reported elevations for full storage capacity (“full pool” ) of Lake Mead can vary. Bountiful snow in the Rocky Mountains last winter buoyed levels in Lake Mead and Lake Powell, ... Nevada and California as well as Mexico — agreed to leave more water in Lake Mead when the reservoir dipped below certain levels starting at 1,090 feet, which is an elevation, not a depth. The seasonal low of 1,078.96 feet (328.87 m) in 2017 was close to that experienced in 2014, safely above the drought trigger. Yet a 7.48 million acre-feet release in water year 2022, which begins in October 2021, could drop levels on Lake Mead by nearly 20 feet. The longer-term record shows drops in water elevation associated with a drought in the mid-1950s and again in the mid-1960s. At lower water levels, a high-water mark or "bathtub ring" is visible in photos that show the shoreline of Lake Mead. It is reasonable to assume the … The water year begins October 1 to coincide with seasonal Rocky Mountain snowfall, which produces most of the Colorado River's flow. Lake Mead is a man-made lake that lies on the Colorado River, about 24 mi (39 km) from the Las Vegas Strip, southeast of the city of Las Vegas, Nevada, in the states of Nevada and Arizona. The previous … The lake is divided into several bodies. Good thing because the overflow tunnels fell apart. Elevation (feet above mean sea level) Year Lake Mead Annual High and Low Elevations (1935-2019) High Elevation Low Elevation Dead Storage Storage Capacity Max allowable storage on Aug 1 Note: Low Elevation for 1935 is 673.50 feet. Current Lake Mead Water Level. This is partly because of an increasingly drier climate, but also because more people than ever are using its water, as they have been doing without interruption since the construction of the Hoover Dam. Hoover Dam is required to release 9 million acre feet (11,000,000 ML) of water each year, with the difference made up by tributaries that join the Colorado below Glen Canyon or flow into Lake Mead. It also can provide more than 4,200 megawatts of electricity from hydroelectric facilities like the Hoover Dam. Some areas may have deep mud. 2. [18] Multiple wet years from the 1970s to the 1990s filled both lakes to capacity,[19][20] reaching a record high of 1,225 feet (373 m) in the summer of 1983.[20]. Hoover Dam Bypass. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. According to data from the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, the water level has now reached a record low for the second year in a row. Formed by the Hoover Dam on September 30, 1935, the reservoir serves water to the states of Arizona, California, and Nevada, as well as some of Mexico, providing sustenance to nearly 20 million people and large areas of farmland.[1]. Updated: Thursday, December 17, 2020 - 8:22am. I was there to give a talk about water and sustainability at the University Council on Water Resources 2015 conference. Lake Mead hit a record high elevation of 1,220 feet above sea level in the summer 1941, just five years after completion of the dam, but the level has fluctuated and been in decline ever since. [13] Both lakes and the surrounding area offer year-round recreation options. Generally, after the winter thaw, the water is deepest in the spring months. It fell to a new record low of 1,071.61 feet (326.63 m) on July 1, 2016 before beginning to rebound slowly. I had just listened to a discussion about the future of drinking water in the city, given by Zane Marshall, the Director of the Resources & Facilities Department of the Southern Nevada Water Authority/Las Vegas Valley Water District. Originally published at GRACE’s former blog Ecocentric by Robin Madel on 07.20.2015.Image: Lake Mead, June 2015. Credit: Robin Madel. Although Glen Canyon was able to meet its required minimum release until 2014, the water level in Lake Mead has steadily declined. This is not the first drought to cause a drawdown of Lake Mead’s water levels. 3,583.29. During the filling of Lake Powell from 1963 to 1965, the water level fell from 1,205 to 1,090 feet (367 to 332 m). My theory is this smoothing was caused by the fact that Lake Powell, upstream from Lake Mead, began to fill in 1966, taking 17 years to fill completely (that would take us to 1983). The report predicted Lake Mead will dip just below the threshold to 1,075 feet as early as May 2019 – in nine months. The last time Lake Mead was this low—in 1937—water managers were still filling the reservoir and putting finishing touches on the Hoover Dam. Last week, Lake Mead dropped to the lowest levels since the reservoir was filled upon the completion of the Hoover Dam in the 1930s. In this video, I take another look at the water level in Lake Mead and talk a bit about where the water goes and who gets it. People throughout the Southwest are just beginning to understand that all of their actions – from the water they drink, to the food they eat, to the energy they consume – have implications for the Colorado River. It is the sixth most visited unit of the National Park System and the premier inland water recreation area in the west. Feet MSL. They have daily cruises to the Hoover Dam. Lake Mead receives the majority of its water from snow melt in the Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah Rocky Mountains. Lake begins to fill to 708.70 feet: July 1941: Lake Mead reaches 1220.40 feet: March 1956: Lake Mead drops to 1083.57 feet: July 1983: Lake Mead reaches 1225.44 feet (highest point) June 2015: Lake Mead reaches new low at 1074.71 feet : June 2017: Projected to be 1062.51 feet [28] Drought restrictions were narrowly avoided again when the lake level rose above 1,075 feet on September 28, 2016, three days before the deadline, and the Bureau of Land Reclamation did not issue a shortage declaration. Let’s just say that ensuring the future of drinking water in the city will be a definite challenge. Roger Kisby for The Wall Street Journal U.S. But the report projects that by October 2019, the surface of Lake Mead could fall below 1,075 feet above sea level, the agreed-upon point that would … [23], In 2012 and 2013, the Colorado River basin experienced its worst consecutive water years on record, prompting a low Glen Canyon release in 2014 – the lowest since 1963, during the initial filling of Lake Powell – in the interest of recovering the level of the upstream reservoir, which had fallen to less than 40% capacity as a result of the drought. [31] As a result of the large snowmelt, the lake regained the water levels it had in 2015 with a seasonal high of 1,089.77 feet (332.16 m). Lake Mead NRA recommends wearing shoes at the beaches. November 2020: Sun: Mon: Tue: Wed: Thu: Fri: Sat: 1: 306: 1,081.9: 2: 307: 1,081.8 Lake Mead Water Level Timeline The water levels at Lake Mead have visibly fluctuated over the years. [29][30], A reprieve from the steady annual decline occurred in 2017 when lake levels rose throughout the year due to heavier than normal snowfall in the Rocky Mountains. The Lower Basin — Arizona, Nevada and California as well as Mexico — agreed to leave more water in Lake Mead when the reservoir dipped below certain levels starting at 1,090 feet, which is an elevation, not a depth. Fortunately, snow melt from heavy spring storms in the Rockies brought the water level back up, so a shortage won’t be declared this year – and maybe not even next year. On May 25, 2016, the surface level of Lake Mead at the Hoover Dam stood at 1,074.03 feet (327.36 meters) above sea level. The previous low of 1,075.08 feet (327.68 meters) was set in late June 2015. Inflows to the lake are largely moderated by the upstream Glen Canyon Dam, which is required to release 8.23 million acre feet (10,150,000 ML) of water each year to Lake Mead. Despite the fluctuations, the lake is still one of the largest reservoir in the United States with depths surpassing 300 feet. Friday, July 31st 2020. [36] Since 2018, Lake Mead water levels have remained well above the 1075 foot level that would trigger a shortage determination. Overton Marina and Echo Bay Marina have been closed due to low levels in the northern part of the Overton Arm. Lake Mead is a man-made lake that lies on the Colorado River, about 24 mi (39 km) from the Las Vegas Strip, southeast of the city of Las Vegas, Nevada, in the states of Nevada and Arizona.It is the largest reservoir in the United States in terms of water capacity. [14] The ruins of St. Thomas are sometimes visible when the water level in Lake Mead drops below normal. Covid-19 has already exhausted the US. Stress test models suggest a 32% chance that Lake Mead will fall below 1,075 feet by 2022 and a 77% chance by 2025. Lake Mead's water elevation increased from 1,095.5 to 1,134.52 feet after a heavy snowmelt in the Rocky Mountains in 2011.They were worried it might increase higher so they opened the overflow tunnels. Lake Powell Water Level. The ring seemed wide then, but it’s definitely grown. Tweet . 1936 wurde das Elektrizitätswerk fertig gestellt und der letzte der insgesamt 17 Generatoren ging 1961 ans Netz. Lake Mead’s water level varies on a regular basis throughout the year. [44][45] The 3-mile (4.8 km) tunnel took seven years to build under the lake and was put into operation in late 2015. Update (2010) New York Times: Water Use in Southwest Heads for a Day of Reckoning — Describes steps that will have to be taken if Lake Mead's water level drops below 1075 feet. [7][8][9], The lake was named after Elwood Mead,[10] who was the commissioner of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation from 1924 to 1936, during the planning and construction of the Boulder Canyon Project that created the dam and lake. Washington State College Alumni Association. Outflow, which includes evaporation and delivery to Arizona, California, Nevada, and Mexico[16] from Lake Mead is generally in the range of 9.5 to 9.7 million acre feet (11,700,000 to 12,000,000 ML), resulting in a net annual deficit of about 1.2 million acre feet (1,500,000 ML). While I was there, my colleagues and I took a quick tour of Hoover Dam and Lake Mead. Lake Mead and the Hoover Dam. In 2014, its record low was 1,081.82 feet (329.74 m) on July 10, 2014. [24] Consequently, Lake Mead's level fell significantly, reaching a new record low in 2014, 2015 and 2016. The model’s median estimates indicate Lake Mead will drop by 35 feet (11 meters) by 2026. [17], Before the filling of Lake Powell (a reservoir of similar size to Lake Mead) behind Glen Canyon Dam, the Colorado River flowed largely unregulated into Lake Mead, making Mead more vulnerable to drought. All Rights Reserved. Lake Mead’s elevation is around 1,092 feet, which is the highest it has been since May 2014, but it is still only 42% full, said Patti Aaron, public affairs officer for the bureau’s Lower Colorado Basin Region. When it reaches 1,050 feet, the lake can no longer generate hydroelectricity. Historical Reservoir Levels (updated monthly) Lake Mead Lake Mohave Lake Havasu Lake Mead High/Low Elevation Graphs Line graph with text data Bar graph with text data Historical Flow Below Hoover Dam (graphs) Line graph. To lower the minimum lake level necessary to generate electricity from 1,050 feet (320 m) to 950 feet (290 m), Hoover Dam was retrofitted with wide-head turbines, designed to work efficiently with less flow in 2015 and 2016. Lake Mead's water level, which dropped precipitously during a drought from 2000 to 2015, has risen 25 feet since 2016, leaving the reservoir 44% full. It took 3,250,000 cubic yards of concrete to build, and employed thousands of workers. Good thing because the overflow tunnels fell apart. BOULDER CITY (FOX5) -- A gigantic water tank arrived at Lake Mead Thursday as part of the Southern Nevada Water Authority's Low Lake Level Pumping Station. [32] However, that level was still 36 feet (11 m) below the seasonal low experienced in 2012, and the lake was projected to begin falling again in 2018. The water level in Lake Mead recently dropped to an all-time low. It wasn’t always so low. This is important because people who understand their own water use are better able to understand decisions made at the municipal, state and river basin level, and why sometimes-drastic measures have to be taken to limit water use. However, during that same time period, there was … It was a sweltering 108-degree June day when I landed in Las Vegas, Nevada. A A. Preparing lake level chart... Level Base: MSL Full Pool: 3,700.00 feet: Change Since Yesterday: 0.17 Feet Level Controlled by: Dam Name: Powell (DIVISION OF STATE LANDS & FORESTRY) Daily Levels By Month Colorado River River Levels: Lake Powell Forums: … Outflow, which includes ev… Colorado River Basin Drought Contingency Plan Agreements Colorado River System Mid- to Long-term Projections Colorado River … © 2017-2020 The water level of Lake Mead has been falling in recent years. Water Inflow Data Glen Canyon Dam Release Data; Lake Powell is 116.41 feet below Full Pool (Elevation 3,700) By content, Lake Powell is 42.14% of Full Pool (24,322,000 af) Total inflows for water year 2021: 681,382 acre feet This is 44.26% of the December 23rd average of 1,539,424 acre feet: Total releases for water year 2021: 1,819,225 acre feet The Colorado River runs for 1,450 miles and drains a watershed that encompasses seven US and two Mexican states. [5][6] It has been smaller than Lake Powell (the second largest US reservoir when both are full) since 2013. Lake Mead supplies 90 percent of Las Vegas’ drinking water. When projections drop below 1,075 feet (328 meters), Nevada and Arizona will face deeper cuts mandated by the plan. Las Vegas Bay is the terminus for the Las Vegas Wash which is the sole outflow from the Las Vegas Valley. NWS5982.mp3; Download mp3 (840.52 KB) National Park Service. At maximum capacity, Lake Mead is 112 miles (180 km) long, 532 feet (162 m) at its greatest depth, has a surface elevation of 1,221.4 feet (372.3 m) above sea level and 247 square miles (640 km2) of surface area, and contains 26.12 million acre feet (3.222×1013 L) of water. [26][27], Lake Mead's water level rebounded a few feet by October 2015 and avoided triggering the drought restrictions. In 2006, I went to Las Vegas with family and we took a drive to the dam. Rising Lake Mead Water Levels and Your Houseboat Vacation. As the dry season begins, the water level can drop steeply between April and July, with July typically having the lowest levels. Cliff jumping at Lake Mead NRA is highly discouraged because it is inherently dangerous due to fluctuating lake levels, uneven canyon walls and unseen … The narrow channel, which was once known as Boulder Canyon and is now known as The Narrows, connects Boulder Basin to Virgin Basin to the east. Preparing lake level chart... Level Base: MSL Full Pool: 1,229.00 feet Winter Pool: 915.00 feet: Change Since Yesterday: 0.07 Feet Level Controlled by: Dam Name: Hoover (DOI BR) Daily Levels By Month Colorado River River Levels: Lake Mead Forums: Lake … The entire Colorado River Basin has been in a drought for 15 years, causing water levels in the reservoir to plummet. This photo taken at Lake Mead in February shows the impacts of the prolonged drought on the reservoir, which serves the California water agencies that depend on the Colorado River for some or all of their water. If the lake is below this elevation at the beginning of the water year, an official shortage declaration by the Bureau of Reclamation will enforce water rationing in Arizona and Nevada. The scale was massive – such a large concrete structure had never been built before. Like Lake Mead, the Colorado River’s survival has never been more threatened, and there has never been more of a need for conservation and efficiency from all of its users. Since 2000, meltwater has raised the lake’s surface only one or two feet each spring, while summer water use has lowerd the level about 20 feet each year. Melting snow raises the lake in the spring, while evaporation and siphoning of irrigation water lowers the level in summer. Lake Mead hit a record high elevation of 1,220 feet above sea level in the summer 1941, just five years after completion of the dam, but the level has fluctuated and been in decline ever since. In both 2017 and 2018, the water level peaked in March. Lake Mead was established as the Boulder Dam Recreation Area in 1936 administrated by the National Park Service. [22] From mid-May 2011 to January 22, 2012, Lake Mead's water elevation increased from 1,095.5 to 1,134.52 feet (333.91 to 345.80 m) after a heavy snowmelt in the Rocky Mountains prompted the release of an extra 3.3 million acre feet (4,100,000 ML) from Glen Canyon into Lake Mead. Bassmaster Classic winner Jordan Lee from Alabama won $300,000.[46]. It’s also a great first step in understanding the water scarcity that everyone in the Southwest faces. Standing in the hot sun and looking out over the lake, I felt a sense of urgency. While there has been below-average precipitation in recent years in the Colorado River basin, most of the nation has enjoyed increasing precipitation as temperatures … The Grand Wash is a recreational area located in the north side of the lake. The dwindling water levels were a cause for alarm for both residents and visitors, who rely on the water for fresh drinking water and recreational activity. Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of reservoirs and dams in the United States, "Drought: Lake Mead is at an Historic Low", "Bureau of Reclamation: Lower Colorado Region – Hoover Dam: Lake Mead FAQs", "Historic Data | Water Operations | UC Region | Bureau of Reclamation", https://research.wsulibs.wsu.edu:8443/xmlui/handle/2376/3419, "Boulder Dam Recreation Area: The Bureau of Reclamation, the National Park Service, and the Origins of the National Recreation Area Concept at Lake Mead, 1929-1936", "Lake Mead National Recreation Area: Historic Timeline", "Utilization of Waters of the Colorado and Tijuana Rivers and of the Rio Grande: Treaty Between the United States of America and Mexico", "Lake Mead At Hoover Dam, End of Month Elevation (FEET)", "Lower Colorado River Operations - Lower Colorado Region - Bureau of Reclamation", "Additional Water to be Released from Lake Powell to Lake Mead, Avoiding Shortages in Lower Basin in 2012", "Reclamation Forecasts Low Lake Powell Water Release for 2014", "Lake Mead sinks to record low, risking water shortage", "Colorado River Reservoirs Start Water Year At Lowest Point Since Filled", "Lake Mead Drops to its Lowest-Ever Level", "Lake Mead skirts shortage for another year", "LAKE MEAD AT HOOVER DAM, END OF MONTH ELEVATION (FEET)", "Full snowpack cause small increase for Lake Mead water levels, but Nevada still in drought", "Latest forecast shifts Lake Mead from big gain to small loss", "Unprecedented Colorado River Water Shortage Could Be Declared in 2020", "Water table expected to lower at Lake Mead, despite denser snowpac", "Reclamation's Colorado River Basin inflow projections reflect improved hydrological conditions in 2019", "Water table expected to lower at Lake Mead, despite denser snowpack", "Drought Diminishes Hydropower Capacity in Western U.S.", "Storage Capacity of Lake Mead - Lake Mead National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)", "The water czar who reshaped Colorado River politics", "Last Straw: How The Fortunes Of Las Vegas Will Rise Or Fall With Lake Mead", https://www.bassmaster.com/news/events-changed-bass-fishing, New Historical Novel Tells Story Of Evacuation Of St. Thomas, "Natural Resources: "Historical and current water levels in Lake Mead", "Lake Mead elevation at Hoover Dam: monthly from Feb. 1935 to present", "Lower Colorado Region: Daily data of level and flow", International Boundary and Water Commission, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Mead&oldid=996198867, Reservoirs and dams in National Park Service units, Tourist attractions in Clark County, Nevada, CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles using infobox body of water without alt, Articles using infobox body of water without image bathymetry, Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2020, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles needing additional references from October 2018, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 25 December 2020, at 02:40.

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